The use of water-filled tree holes by vertebrates in temperate forests

Water-filled tree holes (WHs), commonly referred to as dendrotelmata, develop when water accumulates in cavities related architecture or rotten parts of the tree. These structures can occur forest ecosystems and may represent essential microhabitats life cycle various animal species. WHs form temporary during wet periods sometimes sustain throughout dry seasons. Research on use by organisms mainly focuses invertebrates developing these while vertebrates are rarely mentioned. A literature search revealed that attention has been given only tropical subtropical systems, mostly groups with aquatic stages, such amphibians. To fill knowledge gap temperate forests, we conducted a camera study three sites across Germany. We identified total 28 vertebrate species including 11 mammal, 17 bird one amphibian using WHs. The recorded videos showed for nutrition hydration. With an expected future increase frequency intensity spells central Europe, healthy providing resources wildlife. Reliable, updated data about importance is required urge managers stakeholders enforce preservation microhabitats.